// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 * Functions for incremental mean and variance.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
 * more details.
 *
 * Copyright © 2022 Daniel B. Hill
 *
 * Author: Daniel B. Hill <daniel@gluo.nz>
 *
 * Description:
 *
 * This is includes some incremental algorithms for mean and variance calculation
 *
 * Derived from the paper: https://fanf2.user.srcf.net/hermes/doc/antiforgery/stats.pdf
 *
 * Create a struct and if it's the weighted variant set the w field (weight = 2^k).
 *
 * Use mean_and_variance[_weighted]_update() on the struct to update it's state.
 *
 * Use the mean_and_variance[_weighted]_get_* functions to calculate the mean and variance, some computation
 * is deferred to these functions for performance reasons.
 *
 * see lib/math/mean_and_variance_test.c for examples of usage.
 *
 * DO NOT access the mean and variance fields of the weighted variants directly.
 * DO NOT change the weight after calling update.
 */

#include <linux/bug.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/limits.h>
#include <linux/math.h>
#include <linux/math64.h>
#include <linux/mean_and_variance.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/printbuf.h>


/**
 * fast_divpow2() - fast approximation for n / (1 << d)
 * @n: numerator
 * @d: the power of 2 denominator.
 *
 * note: this rounds towards 0.
 */
s64 fast_divpow2(s64 n, u8 d)
{
	return (n + ((n < 0) ? ((1 << d) - 1) : 0)) >> d;
}

/**
 * mean_and_variance_update() - update a mean_and_variance struct @s1 with a new sample @v1
 * and return it.
 * @s1: the mean_and_variance to update.
 * @v1: the new sample.
 *
 * see linked pdf equation 12.
 */
struct mean_and_variance mean_and_variance_update(struct mean_and_variance s1, s64 v1)
{
	struct mean_and_variance s2;
	u64 v2 = abs(v1);

	s2.n           = s1.n + 1;
	s2.sum         = s1.sum + v1;
	s2.sum_squares = u128_add(s1.sum_squares, u128_square(v2));
	return s2;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_update);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_get_mean() - get mean from @s
 */
s64 mean_and_variance_get_mean(struct mean_and_variance s)
{
	return div64_u64(s.sum, s.n);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_get_mean);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_get_variance() -  get variance from @s1
 *
 * see linked pdf equation 12.
 */
u64 mean_and_variance_get_variance(struct mean_and_variance s1)
{
	u128 s2 = u128_div(s1.sum_squares, s1.n);
	u64  s3 = abs(mean_and_variance_get_mean(s1));

	return u128_to_u64(u128_sub(s2, u128_square(s3)));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_get_variance);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_get_stddev() - get standard deviation from @s
 */
u32 mean_and_variance_get_stddev(struct mean_and_variance s)
{
	return int_sqrt64(mean_and_variance_get_variance(s));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_get_stddev);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_weighted_update() - exponentially weighted variant of mean_and_variance_update()
 * @s1: ..
 * @s2: ..
 *
 * see linked pdf: function derived from equations 140-143 where alpha = 2^w.
 * values are stored bitshifted for performance and added precision.
 */
struct mean_and_variance_weighted mean_and_variance_weighted_update(struct mean_and_variance_weighted s1,
								    s64 x)
{
	struct mean_and_variance_weighted s2;
	// previous weighted variance.
	u64 var_w0 = s1.variance;
	u8 w = s2.w = s1.w;
	// new value weighted.
	s64 x_w = x << w;
	s64 diff_w = x_w - s1.mean;
	s64 diff = fast_divpow2(diff_w, w);
	// new mean weighted.
	s64 u_w1     = s1.mean + diff;

	BUG_ON(w % 2 != 0);

	if (!s1.init) {
		s2.mean = x_w;
		s2.variance = 0;
	} else {
		s2.mean = u_w1;
		s2.variance = ((var_w0 << w) - var_w0 + ((diff_w * (x_w - u_w1)) >> w)) >> w;
	}
	s2.init = true;

	return s2;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_weighted_update);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_weighted_get_mean() - get mean from @s
 */
s64 mean_and_variance_weighted_get_mean(struct mean_and_variance_weighted s)
{
	return fast_divpow2(s.mean, s.w);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_weighted_get_mean);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_weighted_get_variance() -- get variance from @s
 */
u64 mean_and_variance_weighted_get_variance(struct mean_and_variance_weighted s)
{
	// always positive don't need fast divpow2
	return s.variance >> s.w;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_weighted_get_variance);

/**
 * mean_and_variance_weighted_get_stddev() - get standard deviation from @s
 */
u32 mean_and_variance_weighted_get_stddev(struct mean_and_variance_weighted s)
{
	return int_sqrt64(mean_and_variance_weighted_get_variance(s));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mean_and_variance_weighted_get_stddev);

MODULE_AUTHOR("Daniel B. Hill");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");